Most drinks categories are old. Beer, wine, spirits – all come with vast and ancient histories that slowly branch out into various subcategories before they eventually end up encapsulated in a kaleidoscope of brands. But there is one drinks category that is a recent invention, built around one idea which blossomed into one category-defining brand, and became a global behemoth. 

By now you will know the story of Baileys Irish Cream – if you have read David Gluckman’s brilliant That S**t Will Never Sell (the title of which was a drinks executive’s reaction to his most famous creation), you will know that it opens with the story of how this world-conquering drink came into being. A chance meeting between Gluckman and a man named Tom Jago on Lake Maggiore in Italy in May 1969 led to a partnership that would bring some incredible brands to life, but it is Baileys that both are best known for. 

Jago, as head of product development for the drinks group International Distillers & Vintners (IDV), tasked Gluckman and his agency with creating a new Irish drinks brand for their Irish export wing, Gilbeys Of Ireland. The brief was typically vague, with no written instructions, to the point that the agency referred to these kinds of briefs as the Wexford Whisper. The only concrete detail was that they should limit the amount of Irish whiskey the new drink required as IDV didn’t have any strong relationships with Irish distilleries and would be at their mercy should the product take off. It seemed unlikely as it was 1973, and Irish whiskey was in the doldrums – there was plenty Irish whiskey to go around, and then some. During a brainstorming session, Gluckman drew on his experience with the hugely successful Kerrygold brand in the 1960s, and suggested using Ireland’s reputation for excellent dairy produce to build a product around. His business partner, Hugh Reade Seymour-Davies, casually suggested mixing Irish whiskey and Irish cream. 

They went to the nearest supermarket, bought a bottle of Jameson and a tub of single cream, mixed it back in the office kitchen, and had a sip. It was not great. They added sugar. It improved. They went back to the supermarket, searching for that key ingredient that would pull the whole affair together, and found it in the form of Cadbury’s Powdered Drinking Chocolate. Gluckman called Tom Jago and brought the product straight to him. Jago liked it. In his book, Gluckman says of Jago, “The real heroes of ideas are not the people who have them – they are the people who buy them.” 

What Gluckman didn’t know was that Gilbeys Of Ireland, who oversaw the product development (the first Baileys prototypes were bottled in Gilbeys’ old Redbreast whiskey bottles with their distinctive sloping shoulders, a style they still use today), had reached an agreement with the then Irish Minister for Finance that export earnings for this new product would be tax exempt for ten years. Gluckman notes that at the ten-year birthday party for Baileys, the company had sold four million nine-bottle cases in the previous year alone. Gluckman and Seymour-Davies were paid about stg£3,000 for the development, and if that sounds mean, he does note that the company kept employing him for another 30 years. Last year Baileys generated volume sales of 8.8 million nine-litre cases worldwide, while Gluckman and Jago both went on to create iconic drinks brands throughout their glittering careers. Jago passed away aged 93 in 2018, and his daughter Rebecca now continues one of his last ventures, Last Drop Distillers. 

Baileys built an entire category, one which needed a technical file, the rules by which it must be created. The Irish cream technical file is held up by farmers as being a great example of demanding that this Irish drink uses only ingredients from the island of Ireland – all of the cream and all of the whiskey must be produced within the geographical region of Ireland (the whiskey, however, is not legally bound by its technical file to be made from 100% Irish grain). But if you are wondering how a bottle of Irish whiskey cream liqueur can cost so much less than a bottle of even the cheapest Irish whiskey, it’s because not all of the alcohol in them has to be whiskey. In fact, the file dictates that the alcohol content of Irish Cream shall contain a minimum of 1% of Irish Whiskey. 

The file adds: The minimum alcoholic strength of Irish Cream is 15% v/v which is obtained by the use of ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin or from distillates of agricultural origin. A portion of the final alcohol content will arise by reason of the presence of Irish whiskey and additionally any alcohol of agricultural origin present in the flavours used in the production of Irish Cream.

Despite the tiny amount required by law, the presence of Irish whiskey is used as one of the three reasons for Geographical Indication status in the technical file, along with the use of Irish dairy cream, and the fact it has to be made on the island of Ireland. But the bulk of what you consume in your Irish whiskey cream liqueur is neutral grain spirit. Sales would suggest the public do not especially care – it tastes nice, is not expensive, and has a pleasant mouthfeel, or, as the technical file puts it, The product has a homogenous and smooth consistency providing a stable emulsion without appearances of physical instability during its commercial shelf-life. The dairy cream in addition to the process of homogenisation of the cream liqueur, which occurs during production, confers a smooth texture and perceptibly pleasant mouth-feel whilst, on imbibing, the gradual melting of the butter-fat over time delivers a progressive release of the flavour compounds present and improves sensory perceptions during consumption. 

For all its luxuriousness, Irish cream liqueur had been a relatively mid-shelf affair. All of Bailey’s competitors were cheaper than it, but nobody had tried to create a premium Irish cream. The closing chapter in Gluckman’s book covers how he did just that. 

After 36 years with Diageo, he retired but felt that at 67 he still had plenty to offer the drinks world, so alongside David Phelan and Adrian Walker, who he knew from when they built the less-than-successful ‘Baileys The Whiskey’ brand, he helped create a new, premium Irish cream. 

Baileys had its distinctive warm colour tones by pure chance – in the first mix they had used drinking chocolate powder which made the liquid brown, so when the brand came to life in its final form, caramel was added to give it that same tint. But there was no technical reason for it. 

So this time they pledged there would be no caramel, no colourants, and no additives. They would steer clear of the sickly sweetness of some Irish creams, ensuring their drink would be 30% less sweet than those of their competitors. They also adhered to transparency and would declare all ingredients on the label, opting for fresh cream from County Cavan, vanilla from Madagascar, cocoa from Cote d’Ivoire and Belgian white chocolate. But they focussed more on the whiskey than any other element – this was the mid Noughties and they had three options, Midleton (the original source for Baileys’ whiskey element), Bushmills, and Cooley. After extensive research, they settled on a single malt. The source is never disclosed directly, but messaging about sourcing from the oldest distillery in Ireland could only mean Bushmills (less celebrated than all the above ingredients is one referred to as charcoal filtered spirit). 

Then came the name – after a brief flirtation with the name ‘Rainbow’, they stumbled across WB Yeats’ The Wild Swans At Coole, and opted for Wild Swan. After sussing out some distributors in America, they were informed that the name flew a tad too close to one of the great American brands, Wild Turkey (a fact discovered by the Wild Geese Irish whiskey brand when they were challenged over their ™). The team settled on Coole Swan. 

The whole look of Coole Swan was a rejection of the Baileys aesthetic – the bottle was tall and elegant with clear frosted glass, akin to Grey Goose. Instead of ‘serve cold’ they opted for ‘beautiful chilled’, and instead of ‘product of Ireland’ went for ‘made only in Ireland’. As for the liquid, it only took them 231 goes to get it right. Then came the selling, and the selling, and the selling. It won multiple awards, it won hearts and minds and palates, but in the end the battle to challenge Baileys’ dominance of the market – and its ownership of the entire identity of Irish cream – was too great. After a stellar opening, by 2014 it was languishing and the founders were looking to move on. Mary Sadlier, who had been CEO of Coole Swan since 2011, stepped forward. 

Sadlier is one of nine children. When I ask if perhaps coming from a large family is more likely to give someone an entrepreneurial spirit – where fighting your corner and making yourself heard is part of the day to day – she says it may have had an influence: “Maybe kids from big families are also better risk takers.  Or maybe it is in the stars and the opportunity finds you. Whatever it is, the drive, determination and will needed is personal.”

Six of the nine siblings are self employed, so it may simply be the case that they are a family blessed with a will to go it alone. From Blackrock in south Dublin, she graduated from college with an economics degree and started working as an accountant. Feeling hemmed in, she trained as a pilot and started flying commercially between the UK and Ireland delivering newspapers. After that she took a role as corporate finance director in Diageo, which involved travelling the world.

She met Philip Brady, who was to become her husband, and they came home to run his family farm in Meath (they supply dairy for Coole Swan). In 2014, they took over Coole Swan, and with their three daughters, set to work – selling, selling, and even more selling. Horse shows, agricultural fairs, Ireland’s national ploughing championship; they knocked on doors, got listed with supermarkets and travel retail, and pushed into new markets. 

The Irish cream category is growing – in 2022 sales grew 8% and are closing in on 10 million nine-bottle cases per year. It is a long way off Irish whiskey sales, but the situation facing smaller producers in the Irish whiskey category is akin to the battle that Coole Swan, and the plethora of other Irish cream liqueur producers, face; in Irish whiskey there is a monolithic Jameson, in Irish cream, Baileys, both defining their respective categories. For smaller producers, they are both being carried along in the wake of behemoths and struggling to find their own path. Sadlier, however, says that having Baileys leading the charge is neither a help nor a hindrance: “There are many roads to success.  One thing I have learnt is – make your own way in your own way and success will follow. Plus Baileys and Coole Swan are not on the same road.”

Currently Coole Swan sells around 300,000 bottles a year, miniscule in comparison to the Goliath that is Baileys, but this could still be the mouse that roars. Sadlier has the experience but more importantly, she has the belief. When I ask what it was that she saw in herself that convinced her she could take the brand forward from 2014, she replies: “Passion, enthusiasm, energy and belief.  I can see its future; it is a world-class brand and will be still winning accolades and customers long after I am gone.”

_{To find stockists see the Coole Swan website.}

Human settlements have been built around water for thousands of years. Springs, streams, rivers, harbours – all vital for sustenance, agriculture, transport, and trade. You could argue that part of Midleton’s prosperity as a town came from having two rivers running through it, and being sat alongside an estuary within Cork Harbour. Obviously you might not feel so blessed of late as you stood in your business premises in four feet of brown river water with a side order of whatever was in the drains and sewers of the town. 

As you’d expect from a low-lying town sat on the edge of an estuary, with two rivers running through it, Midleton has flooded in the past, but this was the worst in living memory. This time the Owenacurra – the river which approaches from the north – burst its banks at multiple points and raced through the town to greet the rising waters of the Dungourney river – which arrives into the town from the east. 

There is of course another water source in Midleton, and anyone who partook in the distillery tour would be able to tell you that some of their water comes from an aquifer. The entire region is limestone so underground water is par for the course. If Irish Distillers Ltd (IDL) had any sense that they might be vulnerable, or if there were any records of the distillery flooding in the IDL archives, they showed no sign of it. Local historian Tony Harpur has a great blog post about historic incidents of flooding, many of them very severe. But the problem facing the town, and the producer of Jameson, its most famous product, is that the floods are getting worse. 

The Flood Maps website has a handy tool that allows you to implement various flooding scenarios. The below shows an illustration of the River Flooding Low Probability Scenario for Midleton. This shows the modelled extent of land that might be flooded by rivers in a severe flood event. Low Probability flood events have approximately a 1-in-a-1,000 chance of occurring or being exceeded in any given year. This is also referred to as an Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) of 0.1%. It also illustrates, to a certain degree, what happened to Midleton recently, and specifically the distillery’s tourism wing – the main entrance to which is marked with an X. 

In July 2020 as Covid gnawed into their global sales, IDL lodged plans to revamp their tourism wing in Midleton. It was a good time to do it – with a pandemic still raging, tourism was off the menu for most people for the foreseeable. The Jameson Heritage Centre, as it was then, had been opened in 1992 and although it had been updated over the years, it was a tad stale in comparison to some overseas distillery experiences. After all, it was the home of so many Irish whiskey brands, not least the gargantuan Jameson, that it deserved a bit of the old razzle dazzle.

Over the following two years it was completely renovated at a cost of €13 million – adding to the cost was the fact that the buildings dated back to 1794; contractors made upgrades to preserve the fabric of the site using like-for-like materials, and with sustainability and efficiency central to the design. New and efficient heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems and the retrofit of existing buildings was set to deliver improved energy performance throughout and help reduce the amount of energy used. The switch to LED lighting throughout – close to 1,000 bulbs – was estimated to bring an 80% reduction in consumption of electricity. The design team also manufactured the new experiences’ bar counters and tables from repurposed oak from an old vat situated in Irish Distillers’ Fox & Geese bottling plant in Dublin. 

On September 29th, it opened as the Midleton Distillery Experience to much fanfare. Designed by experiential tour supremos Ralph Applebaum Associates, it offered a world class distillery experience, with multiple aspects – tasting rooms, VIP spaces, a café, restaurant and bar, and sizable gift shop. 

At around noon on October 18th, the river from which they make the whiskey poured through the doors. Soon there was up to a metre of water throughout the ground floor. The working distillery, located on higher ground, was unharmed, although it shut down briefly as a precautionary measure. Below is a photo taken by Guileen Coast Guard at around 3pm on October 18th which shows the distillery site underwater. The red X marks the entrance.

If you zoom in below you can see the waters of the Dungourney river surging through the white archway alongside the main gates of the distillery. This is what that area looked like after the waters receded. 

The problem now isn’t just the potential millions of euro it will cost to refurb the refurb – it’s the fact that IDL’s entire webshop is run out of Midleton Distillery, it’s the fact that in 2025 – a little over a year away – the distillery marks two centuries of whiskey making, and it’s the fact that weather extremes like this are only going to become more common. The last seven years alone saw record breaking winds via Storm Ophelia, record breaking snow from Storm Emma, and now record breaking rainfall – a month’s supply in one day – via Storm Babet. The Office Of Public Works’ 2018 flood risk management plan details other lesser flood events in Midleton over the last 15 years, in June 2012 when the lower end of the town near the distillery flooded, in February 2014 when Bailick flooded, and in December 2015 when the rivers burst and flooded the town, with groundwater flooding compounded this and causing the N25 to be closed for a prolonged period between Castlemartyr and Killeagh. But that was only a practise run for the recent floods.

These three examples show a steady progression in terms of severity and impact. There is a €40 million Midleton flood prevention plan in development but it may be years before that is complete, and in the meantime, IDL are planning a second distillery just across the river from their current one.  There is an extensive flood report lodged as part of the planning for it which can be downloaded here. 

The problem facing all distilleries now is the same as that which is facing so many towns, villages, and cities – that the water which brought life now brings the threat of destruction. You can argue that nobody died in the Midleton floods, but the stress factor combined with the economic impacts of living through something like that will have a severe effect on health, mental and otherwise, within the community. Midleton distillery laid off tourism staff after the flood – no visitors centre meant no jobs, and with up to 58 people working in the tourism wing, that is a blow to those people as individuals but to the area as a whole (IDL say all layoffs were seasonal and that it was only a small number who were let go).

Small firms across east Cork were damaged or destroyed by the recent floods in the region, but Midleton distillery’s loss was massive. Following queries about the microdistillery and archives, a representative had this to say:

“The Irish Distillers archive was not damaged following the flooding of October 18th, 2023. Given the significance of the records in the archival repository, Irish Distillers has plans in place to ensure the protection of the archive in the event of a disaster, including extreme weather events such as the one Midleton experienced in October.

“While the micro distillery was affected by the flooding, the damage was not significant.

“The production side of the business was unaffected and continues to operate as normal.”

Going forward the issues facing Midleton will be the same ones facing any low-lying distillery, which given their preference for a nearby water source, is many of them – even the historic distilling site of Clashmore flooded on Octover 18. There are modern distilleries in lock-ups and barns that can be moved, but there are others that were put in place, alongside rivers or next to estuaries, at a cost of millions. Not everyone can run to the hills. Sustainability has been a byword for the industry in the last decade, but that won’t stop the situation we are currently in, where distilleries are under threat from the very thing that sustains them. 

_{If you want to see what the brand new Midleton Distillery Experience looked like before it was annihilated, Barry Chandler has an excellent video of it on Instagram}.